Subgemmal neurogenous plaque of posterolateral region in tongue: A case report and review of literature.

INTRODUCTION: The subgemmal neurogenous plaque is a well-defined subepithelial neural plexus associated with taste buds, located within foliate, fungiform, and circumvallate papillae of the human tongue, that is poorly known by dentists and medical professionals. The hyperplasia of subgemmal neurogenous plaque may occur and it manifests as a papule, nodule, plaque, or ulcer in the lateral posterior border of the tongue inducing the overdiagnosis of reactive, cystic, or neoplastic lesions. The aims of this study are to report a case of a patient with subgemmal neurogenous plaque, and to provide a comprehensive review of other subgemmal neurogenous plaque in the posterolateral tongue with challenging diagnosis. PRESENTATION OF CASE: A 28-year-old female with a little yellowish nodule, asymptomatic, located in posterior left lateral border of the tongue. Accurate diagnosis was based in excisional biopsy and histopathological examination showing a superficial neurofibroma-like pattern, and a neuroma-like in the deep zone. The final diagnosis was subgemmal neurogenous plaque. DISCUSSION: The subgemmal neurogenous plaque has an erythematous nodule or papule in the border of the tongue that are frequently misdiagnosis as foliate papillitis and lymphoepithelial cyst. Despite the subgemmal neurogenous plaque be considered a normal structure, the biopsy is recommended for differential diagnosis with other benign or malignant lesions in tongue. CONCLUSION: Contributing with the dentists and medical professionals in their clinical practice, we reviewed the literature and added a case of subgemmal neurogenous plaque in the posterolateral region of the tongue, highlighting the importance of its recognition to avoid misdiagnosis.

A single session of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy does not influence the alveolar repair process in rats.

The aim of this study was to use microscopic and molecular techniques to evaluate the effects of a single session of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on the alveolar repair process after tooth extraction in rats. The study sample included 84 rats divided into four groups, as follows: a) Control - untreated socket; b) Laser - socket treated using photobiomodulation; c) TBO - socket treated with topic application of the photosensitizer agent, toluidine blue O (TBO); and d) aPDT - socket treated with TBO and laser irradiation. An additional rat was used for thermal mapping during socket irradiation. The animals were euthanatized at 6, 15, and 28 days after unilateral extraction of the upper incisor. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the connective and bone tissues, blood clot, blood vessel, and inflammatory infiltrate were performed, and real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to study the expression of genes (collagen type I, osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase [ALP], runt-related transcription factor 2 [RUNX2], and vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]) involved in the bone healing process. No statistically significant differences in microscopic and molecular outcomes were observed between the groups (p > 0.05). A positive correlation was seen to exist between blood clot and VEGF (p = 0.000), and a negative correlation was observed between bone tissue and ALP (p = 0.028) and blood vessel and VEGF (p = 0.018). A single session of aPDT in the dental extraction site did not influence the alveolar repair process in rats.

A single session of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy does not influence the alveolar repair process in rats

Abstract: The aim of this study was to use microscopic and molecular techniques to evaluate the effects of a single session of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on the alveolar repair process after tooth extraction in rats. The study sample included 84 rats divided into four groups, as follows: a) Control - untreated socket; b) Laser - socket treated using photobiomodulation; c) TBO - socket treated with topic application of the photosensitizer agent, toluidine blue O (TBO); and d) aPDT - socket treated with TBO and laser irradiation. An additional rat was used for thermal mapping during socket irradiation. The animals were euthanatized at 6, 15, and 28 days after unilateral extraction of the upper incisor. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the connective and bone tissues, blood clot, blood vessel, and inflammatory infiltrate were performed, and real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to study the expression of genes (collagen type I, osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase [ALP], runt-related transcription factor 2 [RUNX2], and vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]) involved in the bone healing process. No statistically significant differences in microscopic and molecular outcomes were observed between the groups (p > 0.05). A positive correlation was seen to exist between blood clot and VEGF (p = 0.000), and a negative correlation was observed between bone tissue and ALP (p = 0.028) and blood vessel and VEGF (p = 0.018). A single session of aPDT in the dental extraction site did not influence the alveolar repair process in rats.

Eficácia do propionato de clobetasol 0, 05 nas lesões ulceradas da cavidade bucal / Efficacy of 0.05% clobetasol propionate in ulcerated lesions of the oral cavity

O uso tópico de Propionato de Clobetasol 0,05% em solução aquosa para lesões ulceradas na cavidade bucal é pouco divulgado nacionalmente e tem sido pouco citado em traba-lhos científicos a respeito de sua eficácia, tempo de regressão da lesão e efeitos adversos. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar retrospectivamente prontuários de pacientes que foram tratados de lesões ulceradas através do uso do Propionato de Clobetasol 0,05%, no ambulatório de estomatopatologia de uma Instituição, a fim de investigar sua eficácia. Foram selecionados prontuários de pacientes que apresentaram a alteração fundamental ulcerada ou erosiva e que fizeram o uso tópico de Propionato de Clobetasol 0,05%. A aná-lise retrospectiva foi feita por um examinador, que fez a seleção da amostra seguindo os critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Foram coletadas as informações: Idade, gênero, diagnós-tico da alteração; quantidade de lesão, tempo de uso, evolução da lesão, tempo exato de regressão e presença de reações adversas. Foram incluídos 17 prontuários, dos quais cinco eram de pacientes com lesões erosivas de líquen plano, três úlceras traumáticas, três lesões liquenóides, dois eritemas multiformes, uma alergia a lactose, uma afta e uma gengivite descamativa. Todos os casos apresentaram resolução da sintomatologia, porém as altera-ções clínicas permaneceram em seis casos, embora mais leves e assintomáticas. Não foi ob-servada nenhuma reação adversa registrada no prontuário. A análise estatística não apontou associação em relação ao sexo (teste Exato de Fisher; p=0,49; p>0,05). Não foi observada diferença estatística significativa na frequência das lesões (teste exato de Fisher; p= 0,85; p>0,05). O uso do Propionato de Clobetasol 0,05% prescrito por até cinco dias se mostrou eficaz no tratamento de lesões ulceradas da mucosa bucal, principalmente para o alívio sintomático, além disso, não revelou efeitos adversos.

The treatment of ulcerated lesions of the oral cavity is usually carried out using topical analgesic drugs, anti-inflammatory corticosteroids, and alcohol-free oral antiseptics. The topical use of 0.05% Clobetasol Propionate in aqueous solution for ulcerated lesions in the oral cavity is little publicized nationally and little mentioned in scientific studies regarding its effectiveness, lesion regression time, and adverse effects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the medical records of patients who were treated for ulcerated or erosive lesions, using Clobetasol Propionate 0.05%, in the stomatology clinic of an institution to investigate its effectiveness. Medical records of patients who presented the fundamental ulcerated alteration and made topical use of 0.05% Clobetasol Propionate were selected. An examiner selected the sample following the inclusion and exclusion cri-teria and performed the retrospective analysis. The types of information collected were age, gender, diagnosis of the disorder, amount of injury, time of use, the evolution of the injury, exact time of regression, and presence of adverse reactions. A total of 17 medical records were included, of which five were from patients with erosive lichen planus lesions, three traumatic ulcers, three lichenoid lesions, two multiform erythema, one lactose allergy, one cold sore, and one scaly gingivitis. All cases had their symptoms solved, but, in six cases, the clinical changes remained, although milder and asymptomatic. No adverse reaction was noted in the medical record. The statistical analysis showed no association in relation to gender (Fisher's exact test; p = 0.49; p> 0.05). There was no statistically significant diffe-rence in the frequency of injuries (Fisher's exact test; p = 0.85; p> 0.05). The use of 0.05% Clobetasol Propionate, prescribed for up to five days, proved effective in treating ulcerated lesions of the oral mucosa, mainly for symptomatic relief. Furthermore, it revealed no ad-verse effects.

Avaliação de anomalias dentárias em terceiros molares através de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico / Evaluation of dental anomalies in third molars using cone beam computed tomography

Objetivo: A proposta deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência das anomalias dentárias em terceiros molares. Materiais e métodos: O estudo foi feito de modo transversal e retros-pectivo através da análise das tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico (TCFC) de pacientes com os terceiros molares. As anomalias dentárias foram investigadas e registra-das em tabela previamente desenhada para o estudo. Foram registradas outras informações como: sexo e idade. Resultados:151 exames de TCFC foram incluídos na amostra, totali-zando 308 terceiros molares avaliados. Dos 308 terceiros molares avaliados, 105 apresen-taram anomalias (37,7%). A anomalia dentária mais prevalente foi a dilaceração radicular, apresentando 96 casos (34,5%), seguida de 5 casos de microdontia (1,79%), 3 casos de hi-percementose (1,07%) e 1 pérola de esmalte (0,35%). Conclusão: A partir deste estudo foi observado que as anomalias em terceiros molares são comuns. Além disso, a dilaceração foi a anomalia mais prevalente na amostra estudada, sendo importante o cirurgião-dentista utilizar exames de imagem no planejamento de uma extração dentária.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of dental anomalies in third molars. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional and retrospective study analyzed the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) of patients with third molars. Dental anomalies were investigated and recorded in a table previously designed for the study. Other information such as sex and age were registered. Results: 151 patients were included in the sample, totaling 308 third molars evaluated. Out of 308 teeth, 105 had anomalies (37.7%). The most prevalent dental anomaly was the root tear, 96 cases (34.5%). The second was microdontia, 5 cases (1.79%); hypercementosis, 3 cases (1.07%); and enamel pearl, 1 case (0 .35%). Conclusion:We observed that third molar anomalies are common and that laceration was the most prevalent anomaly in the sample. Thus, dentists need to use imaging tests in planning a tooth extraction.

Apresentação clínica atípica de Carcinoma Espinocelular em lábio inferior / Atypical clinical presentation of squamous cell carcinoma in the lower lip

O carcinoma espinocelular (CEC) é a neoplasia maligna que mais acomete a cavidade bucal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar um caso com apresentação clínica atípica de CEC em lábio inferior num paciente HIV positivo. Paciente do gênero masculino, leucoderma, 59 anos, portador do vírus HIV, apresentava queixa de ardência no lábio inferior. Na história pregressa, relatou ter sido submetido à biópsia incisional do lábio inferior com o diagnóstico de displasia epitelial leve. Ao exame físico intrabucal apresentava o lábio inferior com um quadro compatível de queilite actínica. Na sua região central do lábio, ele se queixava de formigamento e dor do tipo "fisgada". Após duas semanas de acompanhamento, o paciente relatou piora na dor. Foi feita uma biópsia incisional da região afetada. O exame anatomopatológico foi compatível com CEC. O paciente foi encaminhado para a equipe de cirurgia de cabeça e pescoço e foi feita uma vermelhenectomia do lábio inferior. Após quatro meses, o paciente revelou ausência de sintomas e aspecto clínico normal. Pacientes HIV positivos podem apresentar maior predisposição às neoplasias malignas, diante do seu quadro de imunossupressão. O presente caso enfatiza a atenção ao exame de boca de pacientes portadores do HIV, bem como valoriza a queixa do paciente, a qual já revelava alterações sensoriais da região afetada. Vale ressaltar que os aspectos clínicos de um CEC geralmente são de uma úlcera assintomática, tendo o presente caso uma apresentação clínica atípica.

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant neoplasm that most affects the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to present a case with a clinical presentation of SCC on the lower lip in an HIV positive patient. A 59-year-old male patient, leucoderma, with HIV virus, complained of burning sensation in the lower lip. In the previous history, he reported having undergone an incisional biopsy of the lower lip with the diagnosis of mild epithelial dysplasia. On intra-oral physical examination, he presented her lower lip with a compatible picture of actinic cheilitis. In his central area of the lip, he complained of tingling and "hooked" pain. After two weeks of follow-up, the patient reported worsening in pain. An incisional biopsy of the affected region was performed. The anatomopathological examination was compatible with SCC. The patient was referred to the head and neck surgery team and a lower lip vermelhenectomy was performed. After four months, the patient showed no symptoms and a normal clinical appearance. HIV positive patients may be more prone to malignant neoplasms, given their immunosuppression. The present case emphasizes the attention to the oral examination of patients with the HIV, as well as values the patient's complaint, which already revealed sensory changes in the affected region. It is worth mentioning that the clinical aspects of a SCC are usually asymptomatic ulcers, with the present case having an atypical clinical presentation.

Fechamento de comunicação buco-sinusal utilizando o corpo adiposo bucal: Relato de Caso Clínico / Closure of oroantral communications using buccal fat pad: technique report

Introdução: As comunicações buco-sinusais (CBS) são complicações cirúrgicas relativamente frequentes na prática odontológica, relacionadas à extração dos molares superiores. As CBS permitem a passagem de alimentos e outras substâncias para o interior do seio maxilar, propiciando, assim, quadros infecciosos conhecidos como Sinusites. O tratamento das CBS é desafiador. Objetivo: Relatar um caso clínico de fístula bucossinusal tratada pela técnica de fechamento com o corpo adiposo bucal. Relato de caso: paciente do gênero masculino, 59 anos, leucoderma, sem alterações de ordem sistêmica, compareceu ao ambulatório de Pós-graduação da Universidade do Sagrado Coração relatando como queixa principal o fato de "sair líquidos pelo nariz" durante alimentação e havia iniciado após realizar exodontia de raiz residual do dente 16. O mesmo relatou que após a exodontia foi realizada uma tentativa de fechamento da fístula buco-sinusal através do reposicionamento do retalho vestibular e não foi obtido sucesso. Após 45 dias de condicionamento da mucosa do seio maxilar através de irrigações com soro fisiológico e clorexidina a 0,12% foi proposto ao paciente e realizado o fechamento da fístula buco-sinusal através da utilização do corpo adiposo bucal. Conclusão: atualmente para se alcançar o alto índice de sucesso no fechamento de comunicações busco-sinusais utilizamos esta técnica descrita, por ser um procedimento simples e que porprociona resultados satisfatórios ao paciente.

Introduction: Bucosinusal communications are relatively frequent surgical complications in dental practice. Although several conditions are related to this type of communication, the exodontia of upper posterior teeth presents as the main etiological factor. They are diagnosed through fistulas, which communicate the buccal and sinus cavities, thus allowing the passage of food and other substances into the maxillary sinus, thus providing infectious pictures known as Sinusites. Objective: through the report of a clinical case of buccosalusal fistula, we will focus on the success of the closure of buccomasinal communication with Bichat Adipose Body. Technique report: male patient, 59 years old, leucoderma, with no systemic alterations, who attended the University of the Sacred Heart Postgraduation outpatient clinic reporting as a main complaint the fact of "getting fluids through the nose" during feeding and that this had started after performing a residual root exodon of element 16. It also reported that after the exodontia, an attempt was made to close the buccosinusal fistula through the repositioning of the vestibular flap and no success was achieved. After 45 days of conditioning the maxillary sinus mucosa through irrigations with saline solution and 0.12% chlorhexidine, the patient was proposed and the buccosinusal fistula was closed using the Bichat Adipose Body. Conclusion: Today, in order to achieve the high success rate in the closure of buscossinusal communications, we use the Bichat Adipose Body, because it is a simple procedure and provides satisfactory results for the patient.

Treatment of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis using platelet-rich plasma: microtomographic, microscopic, and immunohistochemical analyses.

The present study aimed to investigate the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on tooth extraction sites in rats treated with bisphosphonates. Thirty Albinus Wistar male rats were administered 0.035 mg/kg zoledronic acid intravenously for 8 weeks, divided into four administrations with a 2-week interval between each application, after which their upper right central incisors were extracted to induce the development of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). The samples were divided into the following two groups: Group 1 (G1) underwent marginal resection of BRONJ followed by the use of PRP, while Group 2 (G2) underwent resection of BRONJ but without the use of PRP. The treatment groups were evaluated after 14, 28, and 42 days. Clinical, microtomographic, microscopic, and immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluations were performed. Microtomography results revealed no significant difference between the groups (p <0.05) in any time period. Histomorphometric analysis showed increased bone formation over time for both groups (p < 0.001). G1 demonstrated a greater amount of new bone formation than G2 at 28 and 42 days (p < 0.001), with G1 presenting greater vascularization and a slightly higher VEGF expression. For both groups, RANKL/OPG expression levels were sufficient as a parameter for indicating the rate of bone remodeling in a previously treated area of osteonecrosis groups. Taken together, our findings indicated that the use of PRP improves the resolution process of BRONJ.

Atypical Intracranial Compound Simil Odontoma.

Odontoma is the most common mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tumour-like malformation which affects maxillary bones. Clinically, Odontomas present as lesions of benign behavior, causing little or no deformity, are asymptomatic, with self-limited growth and usually detected on routine radiographs. Radiographically, they are radiopaque lesions, well-demarcated surrounded by a thin soft tissue capsule. Compound odontomas consist of numerous tooth-like structures, whereas in complex odontomas it consists of a disorganized mass of calcified tissue. The aim of this article was to report an atypical case of intracranial compound odontoma, in the middle cranial fossa, reaching the sphenoidal sinus, which has been followed for 10 years.

Clinical outcomes of pterygoid implants: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

The aim of this systematic literature review was to analyze clinical outcomes of pterygoid implant for the treatment of patients with atrophic posterior maxillae and to provide clinical recommendations for this dental implant technique. An extensive search of electronic databases (PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, Lilacs, Embase, and Cochrane Library) was conducted, for articles published between January 1995 and January 2018, to identify literature presenting clinical outcomes of pterygoid implants in the treatment of patients with atrophic posterior maxillae. The systematic review was performed in accordance with PRISMA/PICO statement guidelines, and the risk of bias was assessed (Australian National Health and Medical Research Council scale). The relative risk of implant failure was analyzed within a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). After screening 331 abstracts from the electronic databases, 36 full-text articles were accessed for eligibility, and a total of 6 studies were included in this systematic review (after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria). All studies were retrospective in nature and were classified with a poor level of evidence. A total of 634 patients received 1.893 pterygoid implants, with a mean implant survival rate of 94.87%. The mean prevalence of implant failure was 0.056 with a 95% CI of 0.04-0.077. This study demonstrates that pterygoid implants can be successfully used in patients with atrophic posterior maxilla. However, the results should be interpreted with caution, given the presence of uncontrolled confounding factors in the included studies.

Treatment of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis using platelet-rich plasma: microtomographic, microscopic, and immunohistochemical analyses

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on tooth extraction sites in rats treated with bisphosphonates. Thirty Albinus Wistar male rats were administered 0.035 mg/kg zoledronic acid intravenously for 8 weeks, divided into four administrations with a 2-week interval between each application, after which their upper right central incisors were extracted to induce the development of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). The samples were divided into the following two groups: Group 1 (G1) underwent marginal resection of BRONJ followed by the use of PRP, while Group 2 (G2) underwent resection of BRONJ but without the use of PRP. The treatment groups were evaluated after 14, 28, and 42 days. Clinical, microtomographic, microscopic, and immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluations were performed. Microtomography results revealed no significant difference between the groups (p <0.05) in any time period. Histomorphometric analysis showed increased bone formation over time for both groups (p < 0.001). G1 demonstrated a greater amount of new bone formation than G2 at 28 and 42 days (p < 0.001), with G1 presenting greater vascularization and a slightly higher VEGF expression. For both groups, RANKL/OPG expression levels were sufficient as a parameter for indicating the rate of bone remodeling in a previously treated area of osteonecrosis groups. Taken together, our findings indicated that the use of PRP improves the resolution process of BRONJ.

O impacto positivo na promoção de saúde bucal em jovens adolescentes / The Positive Impact on Oral Health Promotion in Young Adolescents

Introdução: o conhecimento da importância dos cuidados em saúde bucal é deficiente em âmbito escolar, ressalta-se que jovens capacitados, partilham o aprendizado assumindo papel importante na sociedade. Objetivos: capacitação de estudantes para difusão do conhecimento sobre cuidados em saúde bucal. Os temas de higienização dentária/prótese dentária e/ou implantossuportadadas e manejo após o traumatismo dentário foram abordados em escola pública. Métodos: Inicialmente, houve avaliação do conhecimento prévio dos alunos (n=25) por meio de questionários de saúde bucal, os questionários (GOHAI, higienização oral e de prótese dentária e manejo de traumatismo dentário) foram aplicados na sala de aula com supervisão. Em um próximo momento houve o treinamento dos discentes por palestras e material didático. Finalmente, após 2 meses do ciclo de formação os questionários foram aplicados novamente. Os dados foram tabulados e e análise estatística considerou o valor significativo para p<0,05, a fim de verificar o conhecimento adquirido durante o treinamento de todos os estudantes. Resultados: Identificou se pós-oficina que os jovens estavam mais satisfeitos com a aparência da boca (p<0,05). Nos questionários de higienização de próteses dentárias houve a conscientização do tempo para substituição das mesmas. Para o reimplante dentário, houve significativa percepção dos alunos como possibilidade de terapia real (p=0,016), após a realização das oficinas. Conclusão: com base nos dados, a proposta de promoção em saúde bucal para os adolescentes foi eficiente, e mais eventos (oficinas) com esta finalidade devem ser realizados em escolas de ensino médio.

Introduction: the knowledge of the importance of oral health care is deficient in the school environment, it is emphasized that empowered young people share learning, assuming an important role in society. Objectives: This study aimed to enable the training of students to disseminate knowledge about oral health care. The subjects of dental hygiene / dental prosthesis and / or implant supported and management after dental trauma were addressed in a public school. Methods: Initially, the students' prior knowledge (n = 25) was assessed through oral health questionnaires, the questionnaires (GOHAI, oral and dental hygiene and dental trauma management) were applied in the classroom with supervision. In a next moment there was the training of the students by lectures and didactic material. Finally, after 2 months of the training cycle, the questionnaires were applied again. Data were tabulated and statistical analysis considered the value significant for p students. Results: It was identified after the workshop that young people were more satisfied with the appearance of the mouth (p<0,05).In the dental prosthesis cleaning questionnaires, there was a time awareness for their replacement. For dental replantation, there was significant perception of students as a possibility of real therapy (p = 0.016), after the workshops. Conclusion: Based on the data, the proposal for oral health promotion for adolescents was efficient, and more events (workshops) for this purpose should be held in high schools.

Abordagem cirúrgica de lesões vasculares da cavidade oral / Surgical approach of vascular lesions in the buccal cavity

Introdução: As lesões vasculares da cavidade bucal são representadas por hemangiomas ou más-formações vasculares, varizes e menos comumente flebotromboses. Os sítios de maior acometimento são: lábios, mucosa jugal e língua. Os aspectos clínicos são de lesões nodulares ou papulares, pequenas e bem circunscritas, de coloração avermelhada, consistência resiliente, superfície lisa ou moriforme. A diascopia é uma manobra semiotécnica utilizada na diferenciação entre lesões vasculares e máculas. As principais modalidades de tratamento para as lesões vasculares são: excisão cirúrgica, crioterapia, uso de corticóides, escleroterapia e eletrocoagulação. Objetivo: Relatar três casos clínicos de lesões vasculares pequenas na cavidade bucal, tratadas através da excisão cirúrgica das lesões. Resultados e Discussão: Todos os casos evoluíram com um ótimo trans e pós-operatório. O exame anatomopatológico das mesmas revelou dois casos de hemangiomas e um de flebotrombose. A decisão de abordar cirurgicamente as lesões vasculares foi considerada frente aos aspectos clínicos de lesões bem circunscritas, pequenas, palpáveis, boa localização, sem comprometer estruturas nobres anatômicas. Conclusão: A excisão cirúrgica, abordada através de biópsia excisional de lesões pequenas vasculares, é uma opção viável de tratamento, sem complicações trans e pós-operatórias quando corretamente indicadas e executadas.

Introduction: Vascular lesions of the buccal cavity are represented by hemangiomas or vascular malformations, varicose veins and, less commonly, phlebotrombosis. The sites of major involvement are: lips, jugal mucosa and tongue. Clinical features are small, well circumscribed nodular or papular lesions of reddish color, resilient consistency, smooth or moriform surface. Diascopy is a semi-technical maneuver used in the differentiation between vascular lesions and macules. The main treatment modalities for vascular lesions are: surgical excision, cryotherapy, use of corticoids, sclerotherapy, electrocoagulation. Objective: of this present study was to report three clinical cases of small vascular lesions in the oral cavity, which after a well done clinical examination, the team planned the surgical excision of the lesions and the anatomopathological examination revealed two cases of hemangiomas and one of phlebotrombosis. Method: The decision to surgically approach the vascular lesions of this study was considered against the clinical aspects of well circumscribed and small, palpable lesions, good location, without compromising anatomical noble structures. Results: All cases evolved with a good postoperative period. Conclusion: that surgical excision, treated as an excisional biopsy of small vascular lesions, is a viable treatment option, without trans and postoperative complications when correctly indicated and performed.

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, osteoradionecrosis, and osteomyelitis: A comparative histopathological study.

It is largely known that some oral diseases can be diagnosed based upon their clinical manifestation combined with the patient's medical history and generally not depending on examination. This is the case of some bone diseases such as osteoradionecrosis of the jaw (ORNJ), osteomyelitis of the jaw (OMJ), and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). The present study aimed to analyze the histopathological features of these specific bone diseases in order to evaluate similarities and differences. Forty-four bone specimens resected from each bone disease (22 cases of ORNJ, 6 cases of OMJ, and 16 cases of MRONJ) were analyzed by two experienced oral pathologists without prior knowledge of the diagnosis, considering bone tissue condition, inflammation, vascularization, and the presence of microorganisms. In addition, the examiners formulated a diagnostic hypothesis for each specimen. Many histopathological similarities were found among the diseases, especially considering the presence of necrotic bone, inflammation, and microorganisms. Statistically significant differences were detected in empty bone lacunae, which was decreased in ORN (p = 0.042), and considering neutrophil count, which was low in the MRONJ group (p ≤ 0.001). The Kappa coefficient was calculated and agreement was detected based on the histopathological parameters, but not for diagnostic suggestion (p=0.23). In conclusion, histopathological aspects of ORNJ, OMJ, and MRONJ do not permit a conclusive diagnosis, emphasizing the necessity of a detailed clinical report.

Radiographic study of mandibular third molars: evaluation of the position and root anatomy in Brazilian population.

OBJECTIVES: The root anatomy and position of mandibular third molars are important factors in assessing the level of difficulty of surgical removal procedures. In this light, this study aims to identify the most frequent position and the root anatomy of mandibular third molars. METHODS: The study sample comprised 1205 mandibular third molars from 710 panoramic radiographs evaluated. Regarding the position, all of them were based on Pell and Gregory's and Winter's classifications. The root anatomy was classified according to the type and number of roots, as well as the presence of laceration, fusion, or divergence. Gender and the quadrant were also considered. Following an interexaminer analysis, a statistical analysis was performed using the Kappa test. RESULTS: The results showed that the IA (40.3%) and mesioangular (53.8%) position was predominant in mandibular third molars. Regarding the anatomy, the most common were two roots (98.3%), of the conical simple type (88.9%), with absence of laceration (89.2%), divergence (84%), and fusion (80%). CONCLUSION: The present study showed that the most prevalent mandibular third molar type in Brazilian patients was the IA and mesioangular position, with simple root anatomy. The result of this study can assist oral surgeons to better plan and assess the level of difficulty of surgical removal procedures.

Avaliação da eficácia dos anestésicos locais articaína, bupivacaína, lidocaína e mepivacaína em cirurgias para extração de terceiros molares inferiores / Evaluation of the effectiveness of local anesthetics articaine, bupivacaine, lidocaine and mepivacaine for impacted lower third molars removal

Introdução: os procedimentos odontológicos são comumente relacionados à dor e ao desconforto. Em função disso, a maioria dos pacientes apresenta diferentes graus de ansiedade e medo que podem prejudicar a realização do tratamento. Visando controlar a dor e a ansiedade desses pacientes, cada vez mais estão surgindo estudos relacionados aos fármacos utilizados em Odontologia, dentre eles os anestésicos locais. Objetivo: comparar a eficácia dos anestésicos locais articaína, bupivacaína, lidocaína e mepivacaína em cirurgias para extração de terceiros molares inferiores de acordo com tempo de indução, tempo de duração, quantidade de tubetes ministrados e intensidade de dor pós-operatória. Métodos: foram selecionados 60 pacientes que apresentavam terceiros molares inferiores em posição simétrica com indicação para extração. Esses pacientes foram divididos em 4 grupos de 15 indivíduos. Cada grupo recebeu um dos quatro tipos de anestésicos locais de maneira aleatória. As cirurgias foram realizadas por dois cirurgiões-dentistas experientes. Os dados relacionados ao tempo de indução, quantidade de anestésico e horário do início e do término das cirurgias foram anotados, as demais informações foram relatadas pelos próprios pacientes através do preenchimento de um questionário. Resultados e Discussão: a variável "episódios de dor" não apresentou diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos. Os anestésicos articaína e bupivacaína apresentaram o menor e o maior tempo de indução, respectivamente. A articaína foi o anestésico local que necessitou do menor número de tubetes para realização das cirurgias, enquanto que a bupivacaína foi o anestésico que precisou de mais tubetes. A bupivacaína também foi o anestésico local que apresentou maior tempo de duração da anestesia, seguido pela articaína, lidocaína e mepivacaína, respectivamente. A variável "intensidade de dor pós-operatória" não apresentou diferenças estatisticamente significantes. Conclusão: concluiu-se que os episódios de dor pós-operatória podem não estar relacionados ao anestésico local utilizado e que, no conjunto dos parâmetros avaliados, a articaína parece ser o anestésico local que apresenta mais vantagens na realização de cirurgias de extração de terceiros molares inferiores.

Introduction: dental procedures are commonly related to pain and discomfort leading most patients to have different degrees of anxiety and fear that may impair the performance of treatment. Aiming to control the pain and anxiety of these patients, more and more studies are being developed related to drugs used in Dentistry, among them local anesthetics. Objective: to compare the effectiveness of local anesthetics Articaine, Bupivacaine, Lidocaine and Mepivacaine for lower third molar removal according to: time to onset, period of duration of the anesthesia, number of cartridges and intensity of postoperative pain. Methods: sixty patients underwent removal of symmetrically positioned lower third molars in accordance to the classifications of Winter and Pell and Gregory, through panoramic radiographs. The patients were divided into 4 groups of 15 patients. Each group received randomized one of the four types of local anesthetics. The surgeries were realized by two oral and maxillofacial surgeons. The data related to time to onset, number of cartridges and time of the beginning and end of the surgeries were written down. Additional information was reported by the patients through a questionnaire. Results: The variable "pain" did not present statistically significant differences among the groups. Articaine and bupivacaine presented the shortest and the longest time to onset, respectively. Articaine was the local anesthetic which employed the smallest number of cartridges, considering that bupivacaine employed the highest number of cartridges. Bupivacaine presented the longest period of anesthesia, followed by articaine, lidocaine and mepivacaine. The parameter "intensity of postoperative pain" did not present statistically significant differences. Conclusions: according to the analyzed parameters we conclude that postoperative pain does not depend on the local anesthetics employed; Bupivacaine is the local anesthetic with the longest period of anesthesia; Articaine is the most indicated anesthetic for this type of procedure.

Estudo retrospectivo da osteonecrose dos maxilares associada ao uso de bisfosfonatos sem exposição óssea clínica / Retrospective study of osteonecrosis of maxillars associated with the use of biphosphonates without clinical bone exposure

Introdução: a osteonecrose dos maxilares associada ao uso de bisfosfonatos (OMMBF) é uma complicação bucal importante. Com o relato de casos clínicos atípicos, os quais apresentaram a OMMBF, o rompimento da mucosa bucal adjacente se encontrou ausente, levantou-se discussão sobre essa variante clínica. Objetivo: avaliar casos de osteonecrose medicamentosa dos maxilares (OM), sem exposição óssea clínica, diante da escassez de investigações sobre essa variante clínica. Metodologia: Após o parecer favorável do Comitê de Ética, foram avaliados, retrospectivamente, 35 prontuários e exa mes radiográficos de pacientes com o diagnóstico de OM. Foram incluídos no estudo somente os casos de OM sem exposição óssea clínica e excluídos os pacientes que foram tratados através de radioterapia de cabeça e pescoço, além dos que apresentaram exposição óssea clínica. Através dos prontuários selecionados, foram coletadas as seguintes informações: idade e gênero do paciente, tipo de doença sistêmica, tipo de bisfosfonato, tempo de uso do bisfosfonato, forma de administração do medicamento. Análise radiográfica foi realizada utilizando radiografia panorâmica. Os maxilares foram divididos em sextantes para avaliação da presença de: osteólise, sequestro ósseo, esclerose óssea, reação periosteal, anormalidades na lâmina dura, presença de fratura patológica. Resultados: apenas cinco pacientes foram incluídos neste estudo, sendo todos oncológicos e do gênero feminino. A idade média foi de 57.6 meses, o tipo de bisfosfonato foi o Zometa, administrado de forma intravenosa, com o tempo médio de 114 meses. Com relação ao estudo radiográfico, esclerose óssea foi a alteração mais encontrada, seguida de osteólise e anormalidades da lâmina dura. A mandíbula foi mais afetada que a maxila. Conclusão: através deste estudo, foi concluído que pacientes com OM associada ao uso de bisfosfonatos, sem exposição óssea, apresentaram alterações radiográficas importantes, enfatizando a importância de uma análise radiográfica criteriosa em pacientes que fazem o uso de drogas antirreabsortivas, na tentativa de prevenir ou diagnosticar precocemente as alterações ósseas.

Introduction: osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with the use of bisphosphonates (OMMBF) is an important oral complication. With the report of atypical clinical cases, which presented the OMMBF with absent rupture of the adjacent oral mucosa raised discussion about this clinical variant. Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate cases of Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (OM) without clinical bone exposure, given the paucity of research on this clinical variant. Methods: following the favorable decision of Ethics Committee, it was evaluated, retrospectively, medical records and panoramic radiographs of patients diagnosed with OM. The study included only cases of OM without clinical bone exposure. Patients treated by head and neck radiation therapy or presenting clinical bone exposure were excluded. Through the selected records were collected the following information: age and gender of the patient, type of systemic disease, type of bisphosphonate, time of use and its administration. Radiographic analysis was performed using panoramic radiograph. The jaws were divided into sextants to assess the presence of: osteolysis, bone sequestration, bone sclerosis, periosteal reaction, abnormalities in the lamina dura, presence of pathological fracture. Results: only five patients were included in this study, all of oncological and female. The average age was 57.6 months, the type of bisphosphonate Zometa was administered intravenously with the average time of 114 months. Regarding the radiographic study, bone sclerosis was the most frequent finding, followed by osteolysis and abnormalities of the lamina dura. The mandible was more affected than the maxilla. Conclusion: through this study, it was concluded that patients with OM without bone exposure, present significant radiographic changes, emphasizing the importance of radiographic analysis in patients who make use of antiresorptive drugs in an attempt to prevent or diagnose early bone changes.

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, osteoradionecrosis, and osteomyelitis: A comparative histopathological study

Abstract It is largely known that some oral diseases can be diagnosed based upon their clinical manifestation combined with the patient's medical history and generally not depending on examination. This is the case of some bone diseases such as osteoradionecrosis of the jaw (ORNJ), osteomyelitis of the jaw (OMJ), and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). The present study aimed to analyze the histopathological features of these specific bone diseases in order to evaluate similarities and differences. Forty-four bone specimens resected from each bone disease (22 cases of ORNJ, 6 cases of OMJ, and 16 cases of MRONJ) were analyzed by two experienced oral pathologists without prior knowledge of the diagnosis, considering bone tissue condition, inflammation, vascularization, and the presence of microorganisms. In addition, the examiners formulated a diagnostic hypothesis for each specimen. Many histopathological similarities were found among the diseases, especially considering the presence of necrotic bone, inflammation, and microorganisms. Statistically significant differences were detected in empty bone lacunae, which was decreased in ORN (p = 0.042), and considering neutrophil count, which was low in the MRONJ group (p ≤ 0.001). The Kappa coefficient was calculated and agreement was detected based on the histopathological parameters, but not for diagnostic suggestion (p=0.23). In conclusion, histopathological aspects of ORNJ, OMJ, and MRONJ do not permit a conclusive diagnosis, emphasizing the necessity of a detailed clinical report.

Aged rats under zoledronic acid therapy and oral surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Aging brings a number of health conditions that can compromise the healing process in elderly individuals, significantly when it comes to bone tissue. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of zoledronic acid (ZL) therapy on socket healing of aged male rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four Wistar male rats, 20 months old, underwent surgical procedures for the extraction of the upper right incisor and were divided into two groups according to the treatment: Control (C) - intravenous (IV) 0.9% saline, ZL - 0.035 mg/kg of IV zoledronic acid, both every 15 days. At the fifth dose of both substances, tooth extractions were performed and the animals were euthanized after 14 and 28 days. RESULTS: IV administration of ZL caused OPG-RANKL system imbalance, resulting in deficient bone formation and remodeling and alteration of osteoclast morphology, as well as maintaining persistent inflammation during the healing period. CONCLUSIONS: IV administration of ZL delayed extracted dental socket healing of aged rats, but not enough to cause osteonecrosis, raising a question about different responses to IV BP therapy considering animal age.

Radiographic Findings in Patients with Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw.

A retrospective study was conducted of the records and panoramic radiographs of 35 patients treated with bisphosphonates (BP) and diagnosed with MRONJ. Panoramic radiography was used for evaluation, by two examiners, the following findings were subject of search: osteolysis (OT), cortical bone erosion (EC), bone sclerosis focal (FS) and diffuse (DS), bone sequestration (BS), thickening of lamina dura (TD), prominence of the inferior alveolar nerve canal (IAN), persisting alveolar sockets (SK), and the presence of a pathological fracture (PF). Medical information and staging were also recorded in order to correlate with radiographic findings. Bone sclerosis was the most frequent alteration, followed by OT and TD. The mandible was more affected than the maxilla. There was no significant difference between genders or significant correlation between the number of injuries with age and duration of BP usage. Considering the association between the radiographic findings and MRONJ staging, EC was predominant in stage 3 and DS in stage 2. IAN and PF demonstrated greater association with stage 3. In conclusion, the higher the clinical staging, the greater the severity of the bone alteration. Panoramic radiographic examination is a useful screening tool in patients submitted to antiresorptive therapy.